False perspectives on human language: Why statistics needs linguistics

A sharp tension exists about the nature of human language between two opposite parties: those who believe that statistical surface distributions, in particular using measures like surprisal, provide a better understanding of language processing, vs. those who believe that discrete hierarchical structures implementing linguistic information such as syntactic ones are a better tool. In this paper, we show that this dichotomy is a false one. Relying on the fact that statistical measures can be defined on the basis of either structural or non-structural models, we provide empirical evidence that only models of surprisal that reflect syntactic structure are able to account for language regularities

Solución de Dos Escenarios Presentes en Entornos Corporativos Bajo el Uso de la Tecnología CISCO

En el presente documento se da solución a dos escenarios que consisten en la configuración de cada uno de los dispositivos de una red pequeña, permitiendo el establecimiento de conexiones para cada elemento conectado a la red, que son las conexiones IPv4 del protocolo de Internet, la cual, es la forma de uso general de IP Addressing usada para identificar los host y utiliza un formato de 32 bits y la versión 6 (IPv6) del protocolo de Internet que es el estándar de la dirección IP de la última generación, previsto para substituir el formato del IPv4; es decir, que se realizan las configuraciones del IPv4 y del IPv6 en el dispositivo del punto de acceso de las redes y se hace el diagnóstico con el comando ping, para verificar el estado de determinada conexión de host local.This document provides a solution to two scenarios consisting of the configuration of each of the devices of a small network, allowing the establishment of connections for each element connected to the network, which are the Ipv4 connections of the Internet protocol, the which, is the general use form of IP Addressing used to identify the hosts and uses a 32-bit format and version 6 (Ipv6) of the Internet protocol which is the next generation IP address standard, intended to replace the Ipv4 format; that is, the Ipv4 and Ipv6 configurations are made on the network access point device and the diagnosis is made with the ping command, to verify the status of a certain local host connection

Suenan Vientos de Paz

El propósito de esta sistematización es analizar desde la perspectiva del rol de trabajado social, el proceso de incidencia política como una herramienta fundamental para las comunidades y para el profesional como un ejercicio político en la exigibilidad y goce de los derechos. Inicialmente se desarrolla el objeto de la sistematización dando claridad a la problemática, los antecedentes que permitan entender y comprender la temática a tratar, concluyendo en los objetivos de la misma

Informe final de asesoría en diseño para el mejoramiento del producto e Implementación de empaque.

52 hojas : ilustraciones, fotografías.Informe con la implementación del empaque de los productos de dulces y amasijos en el contexto de la ejecución del proyecto recuperación y desarrollo de la gastronomía tradicional, con énfasis en bocados, dulces, refrescos y amasijos. Se contextualiza el desarrollo del tema presentando los antecedentes, objetivos, la metodología de trabajo (asociada al respectivo componente, la actividad específica, la participación y logros) y las especificidades de la ejecución de las asesorías para la implementación de los empaques especializados para los productos propuestos, la cual comprende la formulación del diseño de la propuesta de empaques para cada uno de los tipos de productos de los beneficiarios; la realización de talleres de creatividad, las visitas a los sitios de producción. El documento sierra con la enumeración de las conclusiones y recomendaciones correspondientes y el registro técnico de las listas (fotografías y datos de identificación).Introducción -- Resumen -- Antecedentes -- Contexto -- Objetivo general -- Objetivos específicos -- Metodología -- Ejecución -- Propuesta de Diseño -- Beneficiarios -- Actividades desarrolladas -- Selección del grupo de beneficiarios -- Socialización del proyecto -- Talleres de Creatividad -- Visitas sitios de producción -- Asesorías puntuales de producto y empaque -- Gira Educativa -- Presentación del producto -- Taller de Empaques -- Desarrollo de Empaques -- Fichas de producto -- Logros e impactos -- Observaciones y recomendaciones -- Limitaciones y dificultades -- Conclusiones.Informe Final Convenio No. 059 de 2006.DulceríaCocciónAmasijosPastillaj

Clinical neuroscience and neurotechnology: An amazing symbiosis

In the last decades, clinical neuroscience found a novel ally in neurotechnologies, devices able to record and stimulate electrical activity in the nervous system. These technologies improved the ability to diagnose and treat neural disorders. Neurotechnologies are concurrently enabling a deeper understanding of healthy and pathological dynamics of the nervous system through stimulation and recordings during brain implants. On the other hand, clinical neurosciences are not only driving neuroengineering toward the most relevant clinical issues, but are also shaping the neurotechnologies thanks to clinical advancements. For instance, understanding the etiology of a disease informs the location of a therapeutic stimulation, but also the way stimulation patterns should be designed to be more effective/naturalistic. Here, we describe cases of fruitful integration such as Deep Brain Stimulation and cortical interfaces to highlight how this symbiosis between clinical neuroscience and neurotechnology is closer to a novel integrated framework than to a simple interdisciplinary interaction

CARACTERIZACIÓN DE LA ACTIVIDAD ANTIMICROBIANA Y ANTIOXIDANTE DE EXTRACTOS LIQUÉNICOS OBTENIDOS DEL GÉNERO USNEA SP.

En este trabajo se realizó la caracterización fisicoquímica por medio de métodos de microscopia y test de coloración para la identificación de compuestos de líquenes del género Usnea. Las muestras fueron colectadas en la zona rural de Cali vía km 18. Adicionalmente, se observó actividad antimicrobiana al utilizar los siguientes microorganismos patógenos: Pseudomona aeruginosa y Sthaphylococos aereus. Los solventes de extracción que se utilizaron fueron Etanol y Diclorometano (DM). El contenido de fenoles totales y actividad antioxidante de extractos liquénicos presentó diferente polaridad. El contenido de fenoles totales fue 190,45±3,48 mgAG/gES para DM y de 66,19±1,09 mgAG/gES para etanol. La capacidad antioxidante total de inhibición obtenida de los extractos etanólicos y de DM fueron 19,90 ± 1,99 y 48,17±2,89 μmol AA/g ES respectivamente. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que existe un potencial biotecnológico en los metabolitos secundarios provenientes de los líquenes en aplicaciones industriales

Conocimiento de los regentes de farmacia y auxiliares en el proceso de dispensación de medicamentos, droguerías Olímpica Cali

Encuesta, Gráficos y TablasEn este proyecto vemos un estudio transversal de tipo no experimental, mediante el cual no solo se ratifica la necesidad de innovar mecanismos para la correcta dispensación de medicamentos en las droguerías Olímpica de la ciudad de Cali, sino además, generar condiciones y espacios adecuados para crear un buen clima laboral, el cual se vea reflejado en cada uno del recurso humano de estas droguerías, puesto que la dispensación de medicamentos en los establecimientos de baja complejidad son procesos críticos y de cuidado para garantizar la seguridad de los pacientes y la calidad de los servicios de atención médica. Conocida esta realidad a través del análisis de datos, obtenidos de una encuesta donde se identifica el conocimiento de los regentes de farmacia y auxiliares en el proceso de dispensación de medicamentos, se detectó que existe un gran porcentaje de la muestra encuestada, que cuenta con bastante experiencia laboral, pero que aun así, no es suficiente, puesto que se encuentran en mayor porcentaje errores como, problemas con la similitud de los medicamentos, fallas en el almacenamiento, falta de atención del personal farmacéutico, poca retroalimentación o capacitación a los regentes y auxiliares por parte de la droguería y carga de trabajo excesiva, lo que puede tener consecuencias graves para la salud del paciente, por lo cual es importante que se tomen medidas para abordar estos factores de riesgo y mejorar la seguridad del paciente en términos de dispensación de medicamentos.In this project we see a cross-sectional study of a non-experimental type, through which not only the need to innovate mechanisms for the correct dispensing of medicines in the Olímpica drugstores in the city of Cali is ratified, but also to generate adequate conditions and spaces to create a good work environment, which is reflected in each of the human resources of these drugstores, since the dispensing of medicines in low-complexity establishments are critical and careful processes to guarantee the safety of patients and the quality of the health care services. Knowing this reality through data analysis, obtained from a survey where the knowledge of pharmacy managers and assistants in the drug dispensing process is identified, it was detected that there is a large percentage of the surveyed sample, which has quite work experience, but even so, it is not enough, since errors are found in a higher percentage, such as problems with the similarity of medications, storage failures, lack of attention from pharmaceutical personnel, little feedback or training for regents and assistants by the drugstore and excessive workload, which can have serious consequences for the health of the patient, for which it is important that measures are taken to address these risk factors and improve patient safety in terms of dispensing medicines

Canagliflozin and Cardiovascular and Renal Outcomes in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Chronic Kidney Disease in Primary and Secondary Cardiovascular Prevention Groups

Background: Canagliflozin reduces the risk of kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, but effects on specific cardiovascular outcomes are uncertain, as are effects in people without previous cardiovascular disease (primary prevention). Methods: In CREDENCE (Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes With Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation), 4401 participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease were randomly assigned to canagliflozin or placebo on a background of optimized standard of care. Results: Primary prevention participants (n=2181, 49.6%) were younger (61 versus 65 years), were more often female (37% versus 31%), and had shorter duration of diabetes mellitus (15 years versus 16 years) compared with secondary prevention participants (n=2220, 50.4%). Canagliflozin reduced the risk of major cardiovascular events overall (hazard ratio [HR], 0.80 [95% CI, 0.67-0.95]; P=0.01), with consistent reductions in both the primary (HR, 0.68 [95% CI, 0.49-0.94]) and secondary (HR, 0.85 [95% CI, 0.69-1.06]) prevention groups (P for interaction=0.25). Effects were also similar for the components of the composite including cardiovascular death (HR, 0.78 [95% CI, 0.61-1.00]), nonfatal myocardial infarction (HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.59-1.10]), and nonfatal stroke (HR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.56-1.15]). The risk of the primary composite renal outcome and the composite of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for heart failure were also consistently reduced in both the primary and secondary prevention groups (P for interaction >0.5 for each outcome). Conclusions: Canagliflozin significantly reduced major cardiovascular events and kidney failure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus and chronic kidney disease, including in participants who did not have previous cardiovascular disease

Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes and nephropathy

BACKGROUND Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the leading cause of kidney failure worldwide, but few effective long-term treatments are available. In cardiovascular trials of inhibitors of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2), exploratory results have suggested that such drugs may improve renal outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. METHODS In this double-blind, randomized trial, we assigned patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuric chronic kidney disease to receive canagliflozin, an oral SGLT2 inhibitor, at a dose of 100 mg daily or placebo. All the patients had an estimated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 30 to <90 ml per minute per 1.73 m2 of body-surface area and albuminuria (ratio of albumin [mg] to creatinine [g], >300 to 5000) and were treated with renin–angiotensin system blockade. The primary outcome was a composite of end-stage kidney disease (dialysis, transplantation, or a sustained estimated GFR of <15 ml per minute per 1.73 m2), a doubling of the serum creatinine level, or death from renal or cardiovascular causes. Prespecified secondary outcomes were tested hierarchically. RESULTS The trial was stopped early after a planned interim analysis on the recommendation of the data and safety monitoring committee. At that time, 4401 patients had undergone randomization, with a median follow-up of 2.62 years. The relative risk of the primary outcome was 30% lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group, with event rates of 43.2 and 61.2 per 1000 patient-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.59 to 0.82; P=0.00001). The relative risk of the renal-specific composite of end-stage kidney disease, a doubling of the creatinine level, or death from renal causes was lower by 34% (hazard ratio, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.53 to 0.81; P<0.001), and the relative risk of end-stage kidney disease was lower by 32% (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.54 to 0.86; P=0.002). The canagliflozin group also had a lower risk of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, or stroke (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.95; P=0.01) and hospitalization for heart failure (hazard ratio, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.47 to 0.80; P<0.001). There were no significant differences in rates of amputation or fracture. CONCLUSIONS In patients with type 2 diabetes and kidney disease, the risk of kidney failure and cardiovascular events was lower in the canagliflozin group than in the placebo group at a median follow-up of 2.62 years

Leveraging advanced machine learning techniques to develop robust movement decoders

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is one of the major causes of paralysis worldwide. Since the communication between the brain and the spinal circuits is interrupted, people affected by SCI present a lack of movement and sensation below the level of the injury. For these patients, the restoration of arm and hand movements is their priority. One of the strategies is Epidural Electrical Stimulation. It consists in the application of current in the epidural space of the spinal cord. It has been proved that EES recruits sensory afferent fibres within the dorsal roots. Motor patterns are then generated through synaptic excitation of motor neurons. The simplest EES protocol is the continuous (or tonic) one. It consists in the tonic application of current pulses with predetermined constant parameters to a single region of the spinal cord. Another possible stimulation protocol is the phasic, in which the parameters remain constant and predefined (as in the tonic situation), but the current is applied through bursts elicited in particular phases of the movements (i.e., rich and pull in an object manipulation task or leg extension and leg flexion in a locomotion task). Finally, continuous decoding stimulation refers to a strategy in which stimulation site and parameters change accordingly to the intended muscle activity, decoded from cortical signal. The work presented here is aimed at designing a new neural decoder to predict the intended muscle activity in order to implement it in a continuous stimulation decoding protocol. Furthermore, the effect of the EES on neural dynamics (of premotor and motor cortex) was analysed in order to understand why stimulation caused the previously used decoders to fail. Experiments were executed on a female macaque monkey (Macaca Fascicularis), in which two 64-channels microelectrode Utah arrays (Blackrock Microsystems, US), eight intramuscular bipolar electrodes for EMG acquisition and a customized spinal implant (epidural electrode, described in the next section) were implanted. The intramuscular electrodes were implanted into eight muscles of the arm, forearm and hand: deltoid flexor carpi radialis (FCR), extensor carpi radialis (ECR), flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and abductor pollicis brevis (ABP). The spinal implant is made by seven independent electrodes embedded in a matrix of soft silicon. The active sites are distributed along the vertical axis in order to selectively recruit specific subgroup of muscles. The effect of stimulation through the electrode’s active sites was characterized by recruitment experiments performed on the anesthetized animal. Through a stimulus generator (Multi Channel Systems, Germany), current-controlled, charge-balanced biphasic pulses are delivered. During the experiments, the animal had to reach and then pull the end effector of a robotic arm (KUKA, Germany) in nine different positions. While performing the task, four kinds of data were acquired: (1) the intramuscular electromyographic activity (Tucker-Davis Technologies acquisition system, US), (2) the neural activity from premotor and motor cortex (Blackrock Microsystems acquisition system, US), (3) arm kinematics (VICON motion capture system, UK) and (4) pull and grip forces on the end effector. The trials were done in different stimulation conditions: (1) baseline, where the stimulation was absent, (2) tonic, in which the stimulation was constant and continuous in a certain active site and with predefined stimulation parameters, and (3) phasic, in which the stimulation consisted in current bursts during reach phases or pull phases of the arm movement. Three different type of decoding strategies were chosen to be tested: Wiener Cascade (a combination of a linear filter and a cascade non-linearity), Kalman Filter and Long Short-Term Memory Network (LSTM – a special type of recurrent neural network). Performances were evaluated using the fraction of variance accounted for. The neural response at phasic stimulation was found characterized by a peak at 398 ms (mean among neurons, SD = 117 ms). After this maximum, the firing rate decreases but does not return to the initial baseline. PCA was used to analyse the tonic condition. After gaussian smoothing of the firing rate, the neural trajectories (plot of the first three principal components) were extracted. It is possible to notice a shift of the neural trajectories from the baseline condition to the stimulation one, by maintaining more or less the same dynamics. Independent Component Analysis on firing rate was carried out for both tonic stimulation condition and phasic stimulation condition. Some of the ICs, at visual inspection, presented differences in the stimulation condition with respect to the baseline condition. Regarding the decoding performances, LSTM performed much better than the other two decoders, with a mean R^2 of 0.75. Training the network on baseline trials and testing it on stimulation trials resulted in poor decoding accuracy for the trials in which the stimulation highly affected the muscle activity. However, analysing a recording day in which the stimulation had little or no effect, the decoding accuracy of the LSTM was comparable to that of baseline decoding. The same was not true for Wiener Cascade and Kalman Filter, suggesting that the LSTM can explicitly ignore the effect of stimulation on brain activity, treating it simply as noise